Ngo-2025, izinqubomgomo ezintsha zamandla zazivame ukwethulwa, okwashiya imboni ikhungathekile. Ngesikhathi esibucayi lapho yonke imboni imatasa ibhekene noMqulu No. 136, iKhomishini Yentuthuko Nokuguqulwa Kazwelonke kanye ne-National Energy Administration bakhiphe inqubomgomo ebalulekile mayelana nokuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza ("Isaziso Ngezindaba Eziphathelene Nokukhuthazwa Okuhlelekile Kokuthuthukiswa Kokuxhumeka Okuqondile Kwamandla Aluhlaza", okuzobizwa ngokuthi "Isaziso"), okuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwezinga lenqubomgomo embonini ukuze ihlole izimo ezintsha zokusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwendawo yokuthuthukiswa kokumaketha kwamandla.
Eqinisweni, ngaphambi kokuba inqubomgomo kazwelonke yethulwe, izifundazwe ezifana neJiangsu kanye ne-Inner Mongolia nazo zazikhiphe imibhalo efanele mayelana nokuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza, kodwa kwakungekho mibhalo ecacile yokusekela imininingwane yokusetshenziswa kokuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza. Ukwethulwa kwale nqubomgomo, okokuqala, kuchaze ngokucacile incazelo yokuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza, isilinganiso samandla aluhlaza, imigomo yentuthuko, kanye nokuxazululwa kwezindleko ezingeni likazwelonke.
Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kokuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza kuseyinselele kakhulu ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo, ukwethulwa kwezinqubomgomo zezinga likazwelonke kuhlinzeke ngokusekelwa okubalulekile kwenqubomgomo yesiqondiso esilandelayo sentuthuko yamandla amasha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuxhumana okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza bekungeke kwenzeke intuthuko,” kusho uchwepheshe ojwayelene nomkhuba wenqubomgomo yemboni etshela i-Photovoltaic.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengesinye sezimo zokusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha endaweni, ukuthi uxhumano oluqondile lwamandla aluhlaza lunenani lezentengiselwano kuncike esimweni esithile somthwalo. Amaphrojekthi anokusetshenziswa kwamandla amakhulu kanye nesidingo esikhulu samandla aluhlaza yizimo zesicelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiselwano zokuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza.
Ukuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza, ukukhetha okuqhutshwa yizidingo eziningi
Ngokusho kwencazelo esemthethweni yeKhomishini Yentuthuko Nezinguquko Kazwelonke, ukwethulwa kwemodeli yokuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza kusekelwe kakhulu ezizathwini ezintathu: ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sokusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha eduze, izidingo zokusetshenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza abasebenzisi, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezinketho ezengeziwe kubasebenzisi zokunciphisa izindleko zabo zikagesi.
Phakathi kwazo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha endaweni kulula embonini ukukuqonda. Isibonelo, ukuzikhiqiza kwe-photovoltaic okusabalalisiwe kanye nokuzisebenzisa ngokwakho, kanye nokugcina umthwalo womthombo-gridi, konke kuyimodeli ejwayelekile yokusetshenziswa kwendawo. Ukuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza kufana kakhulu nensimu yegatsha yokuhlanganiswa kwesitoreji somthombo-gridi-mthwalo-futhi uhlobo olungaphansi kwezimo ezivinjelwe.
Ngemva kokuxhumana nemboni, izinkampani ze-photovoltaic zithole ukuthi kunezingxabano eziningi mayelana nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zikagesi oluhlaza zabasebenzisi. Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi njengoba izitifiketi eziluhlaza zihlanganiswe ne-RE100, amabhizinisi athumela kwamanye amazwe angathenga izitifiketi eziluhlaza ngqo, pho kungani edinga uxhumano oluqondile lukagesi oluhlaza?
Ngemva kokubonisana nochwepheshe abafanele, ochwepheshe be-photovoltaic bathole ukuthi ohlelweni olufanele lwe-European Union, izitifiketi eziluhlaza zaseShayina azikho ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokuqashelwa. Nakuba ukuqashelwa kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zaseShayina endleleni yokulungisa umngcele wekhabhoni ye-EU kukhuphuke kakhulu ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuxoxisana phakathi kohulumeni, njengamanje, i-Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) ye-EU ayiqapheli noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezitifiketi eziluhlaza. Iqaphela kuphela ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwemithombo yokukhiqiza ugesi nezindawo zokukhiqiza, noma izivumelwano zokuthenga ugesi ongokoqobo (PPA) ezisayinwe phakathi kwabakhiqizi bamandla nabathengi.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, ngenxa yesidingo esikhulu sikagesi oluhlaza ovela emabhizinisini athumela kwamanye amazwe, ukuxhumeka kukagesi oluhlaza okuqondile ngokungangabazeki kungenye yezinketho ezinhle kakhulu. Ngaphambilini, ukwethulwa kwenqubomgomo yokuxhumeka kukagesi oluhlaza okuqondile eSifundazweni saseJiangsu kwakusekelwe ezidingweni zokusetshenziswa kwamandla oluhlaza kwamabhizinisi ezohwebo lwangaphandle. Imodeli yokuxhumeka kwamandla oluhlaza okuqondile, ngokubopha ukusetshenziswa ngokomzimba nezimfanelo zekhabhoni, inikeza amabhizinisi indlela yokunciphisa ikhabhoni engabizi kakhulu futhi ehambisana kakhulu, efanelekile ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezigxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe nezisebenzisa amandla amaningi.
Ngaphezu kwamabhizinisi agxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe, abathengi abakhulu bamandla nabo bangabahlanganyeli ababalulekile kumodeli yokuxhumanisa amandla aluhlaza ngqo. Phakathi kwamabhizinisi asebenzisa amandla amaningi njenge-aluminium, insimbi, kanye nesamente, amanye anezindawo zawo zamandla ezishisayo. “La mabhizinisi anemithwalo emikhulu kagesi, ngokuhlonyiswa ngezindawo zomoya, zelanga, kanye nezindawo zokugcina, kanye nezinye izindawo zokuthumela, angasebenzisa ithuba lomphumela wobukhulu ukunciphisa amanani kagesi.
Kubikwa ukuthi iphrojekthi yensimu kawoyela esifundazweni esithile esisempumalanga ingafinyelela izindleko zikagesi ezingama-yuan angu-0.2+ nge-kilowatt-hora ngokuqhathanisa isitshalo sayo sikagesi esizimele neziteshi zikagesi zomoya nezelanga, okuphansi kakhulu kunentengo yokuthenga igridi enkulu kagesi.
Ingabe izingozi zokutshalwa kwezimali zingacatshangelwa?
Ngemva kokuxoxa ngokuthi imodeli yebhizinisi ingenzeka yini, iphuzu elilandelayo lokukhathazeka yindaba yengozi yokutshalwa kwezimali.
Eqinisweni, okufana nokuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza kanye namamodeli okugcina amandla e-photovoltaic kanye nawezimboni nawezentengiselwano ukuthi uma kuhlolwa ngokombono wokutshalwa kwezimali komuntu wesithathu, umsebenzisi ungumuntu ongaqiniseki kakhulu, njengokuqothuka kwebhizinisi noma ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kukagesi.
Le nkinga empeleni iyona ebangela ikhanda kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwemboni ngaphansi kwemodeli yokutshalwa kwezimali yomuntu wesithathu. Hhayi nje kuphela izindlela ezimbili okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, kodwa futhi namaphrojekthi afana nokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen, i-ammonia kanye notshwala kusuka emandleni avuselelekayo kanye nokugcinwa komthwalo wegridi yomthombo ohlanganisiwe, ukungaqiniseki kwesidingo sikagesi noma ukuthengiswa kwe-hydrogen, i-ammonia kanye notshwala kuyingxenye enzima kakhulu ezinqumweni zokutshalwa kwezimali.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuxazulula le nkinga noma ukugwema le ngozi ngangokunokwenzeka ukubopha ukutshalwa kwezimali nabasebenzisi. Lesi futhi yisona sizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani isilinganiso semodeli yokuzitshalela imali yabanikazi be-photovoltaic bezimboni nezentengiselwano ezifundeni zaseJiangsu naseZhejiang sikhule eminyakeni emibili edlule. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, laba banikazi bezindawo banesidingo sangempela sokunciphisa izindleko zikagesi nokusebenzisa ugesi oluhlaza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuzitshalela imali ngabanikazi nakho kugwema ukungaqiniseki okungase kubhekane nakho ngokutshalwa kwezimali komuntu wesithathu, njengokushintshashintsha kokusetshenziswa kukagesi kanye namanani kagesi.
Ngokusobala, iziphathimandla ezinekhono zikazwelonke nazo ziye zaqaphela lokhu. “Isaziso” siphakamisa ukuthi imithombo yamandla yephrojekthi ingatshalwa imali kubasebenzisi, noma ngamabhizinisi amasha okukhiqiza amandla noma ama-joint ventures asungulwe yizinhlangothi zombili. Imigqa enikezelwe ukuxhumana okuqondile kufanele, ngokomthetho, itshalwe imali kubasebenzisi kanye nezinhlangano zokuhlinzeka ngogesi. Uma umthombo wamandla wephrojekthi kanye nomsebenzisi kungewona inhlangano efanayo yokutshalwa kwezimali, isivumelwano sokuthenga amandla seminyaka eminingi noma isivumelwano sokuphathwa kwamandla senkontileka kufanele sisayinwe, futhi kufanele kusayinwe izivumelwano ezindabeni ezifana nokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zamandla, ukwahlukaniswa kwamalungelo empahla, ukusebenza nokugcinwa, ukuthunyelwa nokusebenza, ubudlelwano bokuxazululwa, kanye nesibopho sokwephulwa kwesivumelwano ukuze kugwenywe amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo engacacile kanye nokuvikela ngempumelelo amalungelo nezintshisekelo ezisemthethweni zenhlangano yokutshalwa kwezimali.
Ngakho-ke, imodeli engcono kakhulu yokuxhumana ngqo nogesi oluhlaza empeleni ukuzitshalela imali ngabasebenzisi. Yiqiniso, amabhizinisi ezinkampani zangaphandle angahlanganyela futhi emabhizinisini ahlangene ukuze abophe abasebenzisi futhi azinzise okulindelwe ukutshalwa kwezimali.
Ukulinganisela izindleko zokusetshenziswa kukagesi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinzuzo?
Ngokombono wokusebenza okusebenzayo wemodeli yokuxhumeka okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza, "Ukumelana okukhulu kokwehluleka kokukhuthazwa kwamamodeli ahlobene ngaphambilini empeleni kwavela kugridi yamandla. Le modeli ifana nokuhambisa 'ikhekhe' legridi yamandla." Lokhu kuyisivumelwano esivamile phakathi kwalabo abaye bahlanganyela ekutshalweni kwezimali kwamaphrojekthi ahlobene.
Ngakho-ke, ukukhishwa kwale dokhumenti yokuxhumana ngqo kwamandla aluhlaza kucabangele izintshisekelo zamaqembu amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuze kuthathwe umthwalo wemfanelo wokulawulwa kwesistimu yamandla kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, futhi kuthuthukiswe amandla egridi yamandla omphakathi ukuze kuhlinzekwe njalo ngezinsizakalo zokulawulwa kwesistimu yonke yamandla, Isaziso sidinga ukuthi amaphrojekthi akhokhe imali yokudlulisa nokusabalalisa, izindleko zokusebenza kwesistimu, izibonelelo ezisekelwe kunqubomgomo, izimali zikahulumeni kanye nezimali ezengeziwe, njll. ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo efanele yeziphathimandla zamanani nezezimali ze-State Council. Izindawo azivunyelwe ukunciphisa noma ukukhulula izimali ezifanele ngokwephula imithethonqubo kazwelonke.
Uma sibheka impendulo, impikiswano ngezimali ezidingekayo ukuze kuxhunywe ngqo kugesi oluhlaza okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla iyona enkulu kunazo zonke. Abanye abantu abangaphakathi embonini bakholelwa ukuthi uma zonke izimali okufanele zikhokhwe zifana nezegridi enkulu yamandla, "umbuzo omkhulu ukuthi intengo kagesi yabasebenzisi bokugcina ishibhile noma ibiza kakhulu kuneyegridi yamandla?" Lena enye yezinkinga ezibalulekile ezinquma ukuthi imodeli yebhizinisi ingasebenza yini.
Ochwepheshe be-photovoltaic babonisane nochwepheshe abafanele futhi bathola ukuthi “Ngaphansi kwemodi exhunywe kugridi, kubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwamabhizinisi kusadingeka kuqinisekiswe yigridi enkulu yamandla. Ngakho-ke, izimali ezifanele zokuthenga ugesi kugridi yamandla kudingeka zikhokhwe njengoba kuchaziwe. Kodwa-ke, imali yokusekela ingxenye kagesi exhunywe ngqo kugridi yamandla eluhlaza kufanele incishiswe kancane.”
Abanye abantu abangaphakathi embonini baveze ukuthi uma amandla aluhlaza exhunywe ngqo ku-voltage ephansi, izindleko zemigqa ezinikele zingase zibe ngaphansi kancane kunezokudlulisa ibanga elide ngokukhushulwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kukhona nemibono yokuthi imali yomugqa ezinikele kanye nezinye izindleko eziqinile kungenzeka kungabi zindleko ezingcono kunokuthenga ugesi kusuka kugridi enkulu yamandla ekugcineni. "Ngakho-ke, ukuthi iphrojekthi ingaqaliswa yini kuncike ekubalweni kwezomnotho kwephrojekthi ngayinye."
Ngokuphathelene nezindleko zikagesi, incazelo esemthethweni ikhulume ngokuthi “Kufanele sikhuthaze amaphrojekthi okuxhumanisa amandla aluhlaza ukuze sisebenzise amandla awo okulawula, sandise inani lamandla amasha akhiqizwa ngokwethu futhi asetshenziswa ngokwethu, sinciphise isidingo samandla axhunywe kugridi kanye nogesi otholakala kugridi kagesi yomphakathi, songe ngokufanele izindleko zamandla kagesi kanye nezindleko zokulawula uhlelo, futhi sehlise izindleko zokusebenza kwephrojekthi.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, khuthaza iphrojekthi yokuxhumanisa amandla aluhlaza ukuze uhlanganyele emakethe yamandla iyonke, wenze ngcono ngokuzimela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo, futhi uthole imbuyiselo efanele ngokuhweba ngamandla kagesi kanye nezinsizakalo ezihambisanayo ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuhlangabezana nezidingo zesilinganiso sikagesi ofakwe kugridi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kucatshangelwa ukuphepha kokusebenza kwegridi yamandla, "Isaziso" siphinde sabeka imingcele eminingi emithethweni eningiliziwe, okuhlanganisa nokucacisa ukuthi amagridi amakhulu kagesi kanye namaphrojekthi okuxhumanisa amandla aluhlaza kufanele afeze imithwalo yemfanelo yawo yokuphepha kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokuvumelana nesikhombimsebenzisi somthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokubeka phambili izidingo zamaphrojekthi okuxhumanisa amandla aluhlaza ngqo ezicini zokuhlela, ukuxhumana kwegridi kanye nokusebenza, okunikeza kuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza kwegridi yamandla amakhulu.
Ekuphetheni, njengombhalo othathe isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yonyaka ukukhishwa, uxhumano oluqondile lwe-green power empeleni lulethe intuthuko enkulu ngokwesistimu kanye nendlela yokusebenza. Lo mbhalo uphinde ucabangele ngokuphelele izintshisekelo zamaqembu amaningi futhi ugcwele imininingwane. Kodwa-ke, ngokombono webhizinisi, uxhumano oluqondile lwe-green power alusebenzi kuzo zonke izimo okwamanje. Luhlala luyisinqumo sokuqala ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla aphezulu, kubathengi abakhulu bakagesi, isidingo esikhulu se-green power noma ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka zegridi yamandla.
Indlela engaphambili inde futhi inzima, kodwa noma kunjalo, ukuxhumana okuqondile kwamandla aluhlaza kunikeza enye indlela entsha yesigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amasha aseShayina, futhi kuhlola indlela yamabhizinisi anezidingo ezihlobene.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-04-2025